There are two ways of looking at this: The first way of approaching this topic is from the physical characteristics of the radio. In this case there are two types of radios. The most common is a ‘pistol grip’ type radio. This is the type that you hold in one hand, kinda like a hand gun. On your trigger finger you have a lever that controls the speed: the throttle, with the other hand you hold on to a little wheel that controls the direction of the car: the steering. These radios mostly come in right hand configuration - you hold the radio in your left hand, and steer with the right - left handed radios are also available, but there are fewer to chose from. The second type is a ’stick’ or ‘paddle’ type. This type of radio you generally hold with both hands, and with your index finger or thumb you hold on to two levers sticking out of the top. One level is the throttle and the other is the steering. The stick type of radio, in car racing, is decreasing in popularity in favor of the pistol grip, but there are still few around. There is apparently a single-stick radio out there. This works similarly to a joystick. I have never seen one, I am only spreading the rumor … If anyone has an URL to a manufacturer, please send it my way. The second way of looking at this topic is the type of communication, the radio uses. I will, unfortunately, have to use some electronics terminology to be able to describe this. The radio transmits a radio signal which is picked up by a receiver in the car. So that more than one person would be able to race their car at the same time, each radio is assigned a particular frequency - this frequency is referred to as the ‘carrier frequency’. Out of convenience, each carrier frequency is assigned a ‘channel number’ (see “Legal frequency - channel tables” at the end of this document). Almost all radios today can have their channel changed by changing a ‘crystal’ in the radio - this is a small electronic device which generates the appropriate carrier frequency. The radios are intentionally manufactured to make this relatively easy to do. The receiver must have a matching frequency crystal as well. Normally people get multiple crystal sets, so that when they get together with friends or for a race there is less likelihood that several people will have the same channel. In fact, if you enter into a race they will require you to submit three channels that you can race on, and just before your race they will tell you which of your three you must use. There are different methods to generate the carrier frequency, this is called ‘frequency modulation’. There are three types of modulation that you will see when shopping for a radio. AM - Amplitude Modulation - is the simplest, least expensive method of signal transmission. The next type if FM - Frequency Modulation - which has inherently slightly better range and is less susceptible to radio interference. The last type is PCM - Pulse-Coded Modulation - which is a type of AM or FM modulation, but it has a greater range and resolution. PCM signals are coded in such a way that interference is almost nonexistent. 8.1. What is all this stuff on the radio? When you drive your car, the radio will impress information onto the carrier wave. The type of information that is impressed onto the carrier is: going left / right and how far to the left / right, go forward / backwards and how fast forward / backwards. Unfortunately, each of these functions is also referred to as a ‘channel’. So a radio that can control steering and speed will be a 2-chanel radio. These channels are different than the channels for the carrier frequency; it is just a confusingly similar label. The receiver in the car then decodes this information, and generates appropriate electrical signals for the devices that are connected to it: the steering servo and the speed controller. These devices then transform those signals into the physical: your car moves! The term ‘proportional radio’, which might pop up while you’re shopping, means that as you press more on the throttle the car moves proportionally faster; same goes for the steering. This is opposed to simple on-off control: the car is either standing still or going full blast - most toy R/C cars use on-off radio control. Check <http://www.howstuffworks.com/rc-toy3.htm> for a different explanation of the same thing, and with pictures.All of this is quite simplified here. If you want more (technical) detail you can look up how a radio works in any electronics communications textbook. The method used to generate the radio signal (the modulation) is pretty standardized. The way to impress the information onto that carrier signal is different for each manufacturer. This means that radio made by company A will probably not work with a receiver made by company B, even if you have matching frequency crystals. The whole set: radio, receiver, and crystal set come as a matched set. There are third party manufacturers that make receivers that are compatible with first party manufacturers. Check with the manufacturer of your equipment before you commit to a purchase! One thing worthy of note is that crystals (channels) are interchangeable between AM and FM radios made by the same manufacturer. However, the radios are built so that crystals are not interchangeable between manufacturers - you need to buy crystals made for your brand of radio. There is also something called a ’synthesized frequency module’. This is referred to differently by different manufactures, for example: ’spectra module’, ’synthesized transmitter’, etc. The idea is rather simple (to the end-user anyway). There is an extra piece of electronic built into the radio that will allow you to dial in the desired frequency: no more crystals to swap. You can (but do not have to) get a receiver with the same thing in it. Another feature is something called Battery Elimination Circuit - BEC. Normally you need a battery pack connected to the speed controller which drives the motor, you also need a separate battery pack to power the receiver itself. Most receivers today have a BEC, which eliminates the need for the battery pack going to the receiver. The receiver gets its power from the motor battery pack. Less weight for your car to carry, less run time though; the tradeoff is worth it however. 8.2. Radio interference There is a whole bunch of stuff that can cause radio interference. How you detect it is very simple: your car goes crazy. If interference is a problem for you, go through the following list and see if you can eliminate any of these. I tried to put suggestions as to what you could do to fix the problem; some of these are simple and inexpensive, while some others … - As stated before, from most to least susceptible types of radio transmission: AM, FM, PCM. The less susceptible you get, the more it will cost you. - Some people experienced a lot of interference when standing close to their car, especially with AM radios. This is especially a concern for nitro cars, when starting their car up. - Some people claim that the 27MHz band is more susceptible than the 75MHz band (in the US). The reasoning here is that the 27MHz band has the channels spaced further apart, this leaves more room for error. R/C toy manufacturers, who are not very concerned about making quality equipment, take advantage of that. Unfortunately, you cannot simply change the crystals to the 75MHz band - you would need to get a whole new radio. - Sparking (arcing) coming from the motor. Get new brushes; clean your motor; install noise capacitors on your motor: check the manuals that came with BOTH your motor and your ESC on how to do this correctly. - Bad (bad = old, defective, or possibly cheap) servos. - People standing next to you are using channels that are next (or close) to yours. Change your channel. 8.3. Using a 4-channel (or more) radio with a car Most radios used for R/C cars are 2-channel: direction and speed. There are also 3-channel radios; the third channel is used for fancy stuff. For example, some people wire up lights on their car to the third channel. Higher number of channels (up to
is intended for aircraft, but can it be used for cars? This will work, but there are a few things you must keep in mind. Different radios are designed for different applications. You might have to use some trial and error to figure out which channel you want to use for the throttle and which for the steering on your car. Also, multi-channel radios are intended for airplanes and other flying R/C models. The throttle for a car radio is spring loaded, but for an airplane it is not. This means that on a car radio when you let go of the throttle, it will return to the neutral position. On an airplane radio the throttle will stay, by design, wherever you had pushed it to. It will require some getting used to, but it can be done. Yes, there are also legal issues as well! You must use the correct frequency for your radio. Certain frequencies are reserved for air use only, and some others are for ground use only. At the end of this document, see “Legal frequency - channel tables”, there is a list of legal frequencies for ground vehicles only. I personally am no lawyer, and as such I am not familiar with all the legal subtleties! In North America the government authority responsible for this is the FCC - Federal Communication Commission - which controls everything transmitted trough the air. They have a web site, and the relevant pages can be found at: <http://www.fcc.gov/wtb/prs/radcntrl.html>, and <http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_00/47cfrv5_00.html>. In the UK it is The Radiocommunications Agency; here is the best link I have been able to find: <http://www.radio.gov.uk/publication/ra_info/ra60.htm>. Good luck! 8.4. Too much information on radios Someone posted a message asking for plans to build his own radio. This topic is way too advanced for the scope of this FAQ. However, Rudie Shepherd provided the original poster with some very excellent URLs to sites with this type of information. For those truly into way too much information, here are the links: MicroPro8000 Users <http://mp8000.rcclubs.com/> Radio Modelisme (in French and English) <http://home.nordnet.fr/~fthobois/> RCMICRO: Microprocessor based radio control encoder <http://www.eagleairaust.com.au/encoder.htm> Here are a few more links describing how to build your own electronics, or modify your electronics. Please note that modifying your equipment will most certainly void the warranty on your equipment.
The 7 channel hack: <http://www.teamtornado.co.uk/7channel.htm> PC-to-R/C Interface: <http://www.mh.ttu.ee/risto/rc/electronics/pctorc.htm> Micron Radio Control: <http://www.micronradiocontrol.fsnet.co.uk/>
Gasoline engines have the advantage over diesel in being lighter and able to work at higher rotational speeds and they are the usual choice for fitting in high-performance sports cars. Continuous development of gasoline engines for over a hundred years has produced improvements in efficiency and reduced pollution. The carburetor was used on nearly all road car engines until the 1980s but it was long realised better control of the fuel/air mixture could be achieved with fuel injection. Indirect fuel injection was first used in aircraft engines from 1909, in racing car engines from the 1930s, and road cars from the late 1950s.[13] Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) is now starting to appear in production vehicles such as the 2007 (Mark II) BMW Mini. Exhaust gases are also cleaned up by fitting a catalytic converter into the exhaust system. Clean air legislation in many of the car industries most important markets has made both catalysts and fuel injection virtually universal fittings. Most modern gasoline engines also are capable of running with up to 15% ethanol mixed into the gasoline - older vehicles may have seals and hoses that can be harmed by ethanol. With a small amount of redesign, gasoline-powered vehicles can run on ethanol concentrations as high as 85%. 100% ethanol is used in some parts of the world (such as Brazil), but vehicles must be started on pure gasoline and switched over to ethanol once the engine is running. Most gasoline engined cars can also run on LPG with the addition of an LPG tank for fuel storage and carburetion modifications to add an LPG mixer. LPG produces fewer toxic emissions and is a popular fuel for fork lift trucks that have to operate inside buildings.
Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot is often credited with building the first self-propelled mechanical vehicle or automobile in about 1769 by adapting an existing horse-drawn vehicle, this claim is disputed by some, who doubt Cugnot’s three-wheeler ever ran or was stable. Others claim Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China, built the first steam-powered vehicle around 1672 which was of small scale and designed as a toy for the Chinese Emperor that was unable to carry a driver or a passenger, but quite possibly, was the first working steam-powered vehicle (’auto-mobile’)[5][6]. What is not in doubt is that Richard Trevithick built and demonstrated his Puffing Devil road locomotive in 1801, believed by many to be the first demonstration of a steam-powered road vehicle although it was unable to maintain sufficient steam pressure for long periods, and would have been of little practical use.
François Isaac de Rivaz, a Swiss inventor, designed the first internal combustion engine, in 1806, which was fueled by a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen and used it to develop the world’s first vehicle, albeit rudimentary, to be powered by such an engine. The design was not very successful, as was the case with those of Samuel Brown, Samuel Morey, and Etienne Lenoir who each produced vehicles (adapted carriages, carts, or boats) powered by clumsy internal combustion engines.[7]
In November 1881 French inventor Gustave Trouvé demonstrated a working three-wheeled automobile that was powered by electricity. This was at the International Exhibition of Electricity in Paris.[8]
Although several other German engineers (including Gottlieb Daimler, Wilhelm Maybach, and Siegfried Marcus) were working on the problem at about the same time, Karl Benz generally is acknowledged as the inventor of the modern automobile.[7]
An automobile powered by his own four-stroke cycle gasoline engine was built in Mannheim, Germany by Karl Benz in 1885 and granted a patent in January of the following year under the auspices of his major company, Benz & Cie., which was founded in 1883. It was an integral design, without the adaptation of other existing components and including several new technological elements to create a new concept. This is what made it worthy of a patent. He began to sell his production vehicles in 1888.
A compressed air car is an alternative fuel car that uses a motor powered by compressed air. The car can be powered solely by air, or by air combined (as in a hybrid electric vehicle) with gasoline/diesel/ethanol or electric plant and regenerative braking. Instead of mixing fuel with air and burning it to drive pistons with hot expanding gases; compressed air cars use the expansion of compressed air to drive their pistons. Several prototypes are available already and scheduled for worldwide sale by the end of 2008. Companies releasing this type of car include Tata Motors and Motor Development International (MDI).